Environmental+Laws+Grid+Block+3

= Chapter 3: Environmental Policy BLOCK 3 =
 * Major Laws and International Treaties **
 * = LAW = || ** Year Intro-duced ** || ** Basic Description ** || ** Regulatory Agency ** ||
 * National Environmental Policy Act (NEPA) || 1960 || Council on Env quality || EPA ||
 * Chemical Safety Information, Site Security and Fuels Regulatory Relief Act

Michelle Kane || 1999 || -Management for chemical use. -Requires facilities with more than a threshold quanity of a listed extremely hazardous substance to have a risk management program in place. -The EPA has the authority to enforce this. -Specific regulations on hazardous materials. || EPA || (CAA)
 * The Clean Air Act

Danny Hockey

Nolan Reed || 1963 || -Authorized the development of comprehensive federal and state regulations to limit emissions from both stationary (industrial) sources and mobile sources -Four major regulatory programs were created: -The EPA was created in order to implement the various requirements included in the Clean Air Act of 1970 || Environmental Protection Agency ||
 * National Ambient Air Quality Standards (NAAQS)
 * State Implementation Plans (SIP's)
 * New Source Performance Standards (NSPS)
 * National Emissions Standards for Hazardous Air Pollutants (NESHAP's)
 * The Clean Water Act (CWA)

Sarah Brown || 1972 || - Developed to protect the nation's waterways & to stop the discharge of pollution into waterways - Goal: completely eliminate the discharge of pollutants into waters & have those waters fit enough for fishing or swimming by 1985 - Has not been met, but a) pollutant discharge has been reduced significantly & b) recreational waters are much cleaner than in the 70's (75% of waters tested reached the goal) || Environmental Protection Agency ||
 * Comprehensive Env. Response, Compensation, and Liability Act (CERCLA or Superfund)

Rachel Sears || 1980 || -Designed to clean up abandoned hazardous waste sites. PROVISIONS: -Removal actions: Short-term actions to address localized risks possessing an immediate threat to the environment(abandoned drums, contaminated surface soil, etc.) -Remedial Actions: Long-term response actions to risks requiring remedy but are not posing an immediate threat to the environment. Includes preventing the migration of pollutants and neutralization of hazardous substances. || Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry ||
 * The Emergency Planning and Community Right-To-Know Act (EPCRA)

Wallie Shahnawaz || 1986 || * Encourage and support emergency planning efforts at the state and local levels
 * Provide the public and local government with information concerning potential chemical hazards present in their communities.
 * Address communities right-to-know about toxic and hazardous chemicals. || Environmental Protection Agency ||
 * The Endangered Species Act (ESA)

Matt Berman || 1973 || -Signed into law by President Richard Nixon on December 28th, 1973. -The Endangered Species Act’s purpose was to protect significantly threatened species afftected by the“consequence of economic growth and development untempered by adequate concern and conservation”. -Administered by the Field and Wildlife Service (FWS) and the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Association (NOAA). These agencies are run by the Department of the interior, and the Department of Commerce respectively. __Provisions of Act__ -The Act forbids actions that destroy endangered species and/or their habitat by the government and/or private citizens. -The Act also forbids trade in products made from endangered species. -The Act also set aside money each year out of tax money for the purchasing of land that is home to endangered species. -The Act even rewards those who turn in private institution breaking these laws. || United States Fish and Wildlife Service and the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration ||
 * Federal Insecticide, Fungicide and Rodenticide Act (FIFRA) ||  ||   ||   ||
 * Federal Food, Drug and Cosmetic Act (FFDCA)

Emmy Keating || 1938 || -Allows the FDA to oversee the safety of food, drugs, and cosmetics -Set tolerances, or maximum residue limits, for pesticide residues on foods -Limits pesticide residues on food in interstate commerce -Requires premarket approval of new drugs, food additives and coloring agents -Regulates the safety of cosmetic products || Food and Drug Administration || (FQPA)
 * Food Quality Protection Act

Sally Stephens || 1996 || -Establishes max legally permissable levels for pesticide levels in food -Provides special protections for infants and children -Requires periodic reevaluation of pesticide registrations & tolerances || Environmental Protection Agency || Melissa Kausch || 1996 || -Gives the public greater access to public records -Federal agencies are required to disclose records requested in writing by any person - There are nine exemption and three exclusions included in the act: ex. records classified for the national defense or foreign policy matters, records compiled for law enforcement purposes, oil well data. - The Electronic Freedom of Information Act Amendments of 1996 expanded the scope of the act to encompass electronic records and require the establishment of electronic reading rooms. ||  || and Health Act (OSHA) ||   ||   ||   ||
 * The Freedom of Information Act (FOIA)
 * The Occupational Safety
 * The Oil Pollution Act (OPA)

Kelly Lawrence <3 || 1990 || * Prevent further oil spillings from occurring.
 * Improved the nation's ability to respond to oil spills.
 * Signed into law in response to rising public concern following the Exxon Valdez incident.
 * Provides the money and resources necessary, to respond to oil spills.
 * The OPA also created the national __Oil Spill Liability Trust fund__, which is available to provide up to one billion dollars per spill incident. || Environmental Protection Agency ||
 * The Pollution Prevention Act (PPA) ||  ||   ||   ||
 * The Resource Conservation and Recovery Act (RCRA)

Zack Weadock || 1976 || * Gives EPA complete control over hazardous waste material. Includes transportation, treatment, disposal, etc. Courtney Cummings || 1974 (Amended in 1986 and 1996) || * ensures the quality of American's drinking water Erica Haworth || 1964 || -the bill was established to protect 9.1 million acres of National Forests in the United States -the act was created to contain the land that, which was preowned by the american people, that where considered "untrammled by man" -"for the use and enjoyment of the American people in such manner as will leave them unimpaired for future use and enjoyment as wilderness..." || National Wilderness Perservation System || Haley Rizkallah || 1972 || -mission: to lead the nation's efforts to manage and conserve ocean and coastal resources -to ensure that Americans can visit the nation's beaches and coastlines -clean marinas -dock management -shoreline management || National Oceanic and Atmosphere Administration (NOAA) ||
 * Set framework for disposal of non-hazardous waste material.
 * Amendment- HSWA - Focused on waste minimization / Phasing out procedure for disposal of hazardous waste (also incrteased enforcement authority for EPA) || Environmental Protection Agency ||
 * The Safe Drinking Water Act (SDWA)
 * sets the standards for drinking water quality and oversees the states, localities, and water suppliers
 * protects water sources (IE. rivers, lakes, reservoirs, springs and ground water wells) || Environmental Protection Agency ||
 * The Superfund Amendments and Reauthorization Act (SARA) ||  ||   ||   ||
 * The Toxic Substances Control Act (TSCA) ||  ||   ||   ||
 * The Wilderness Act
 * Marine Protection Act ||  ||   ||   ||
 * Coastal Zone Management Act
 * Federal Land Policy and Management Act

Tucker Morgan || 1976 || * Ensured that public lands remained in public ownership National Forest Management Act
 * No private company or people may buy that land and diminish its environment
 * This made its natural resources protected from people trying to use it.
 * This includes its oil and other important and need natural resources || The 94th Congress approved this act, proposed by the department of land management. ||

Jackie Rose Lenta || 1976 || -assess forest lands -develop a management program -implement a resource management plan for each unit of the national forest system -only a certain amount of timber can be taken from each national forest annually || The secretary of agriculture ||
 * Surface Mining Control and Reclamation Act ||  ||   ||   ||
 * Convention on International Trade on Endangered Species (CITES)

Heather Mayberry || 1973 in Washington it was signed, and in 1975 it was enforced. || - CITES works by subjecting trade in specimens of a selected species to certain controls with a permit to import/export & report specimens - To ensure that every country developed, maintains species that are near extinction in different regions so that if one country runs out of a certain animal it can be reintroduced to that area and brought back to its environment -They have to go through many parties to approve an exit or enter of a species from a different country to a homeland, to ensure that the specimen that they are using to reintroduce the species of particular animal is taken well care of during the mating process || Environmental Protection Agency ||
 * Convention on the Conservation of Migratory Species of Wild Animals (CMS) ||  ||   ||   ||
 * Vienna Convention flr the Protection of the Ozone Layer and the Montreal Protocol ||  ||   ||   ||
 * United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change ||  ||   ||   ||
 * United Nations Convention on the Law of the Seas

Connie Van || 1982 || -Establishes rules governing all uses of the oceans and their resources -All problems of ocean space are interrelated and need to be addressed as a whole -Protects the economic, environmental, and national security concerns of coastal states || United Nations || Kyoto Protocol || 1997 || Under the Protocol, 37 industrialized nations (the Us not being one of them) commit themselves to a reduction of four greenhouse gases (GHG): carbon dioxide, methane, nitrous oxide, sulphurhexafluoride. -The objective of the protocol is the stabilization and reconstruction of GHG concentrations in the atmosphere at a level that would prevent dangerous anthropogenic interference with the climate system. Concepts to the Protocol: -commitments to reducing GHGs that are legally binding as well as general commitments -implementation to meet protocol objectives to prepare policies and measures which reduce GHGs -minimizing impacts on developing countries by establishing a adaptation fund for climate change -accounting, reporting and review to ensure the integrity of the protocol. -compliance by establishing a compliance committee to enforce commitment to the protocol || United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) ||
 * Basel Convention on the Transboundary Movements of Hazardous Wastes and their Disposal

Brittany Smith || 1989 || -Minimize generation of hazardous wastes in terms of quantity -Dispose of them as close to the source of generation as possible -Reduce movement of hazardous waste -Environmental Sound Management (ESM) addresses the issue through an "integrated cycle approach" (strong controls from the generation of a hazardous waste to its storage, transport, treatment, reuse, recycling, recovery, and final disposal) || The Conference of the Parties ||
 * Ramsar Convention on Wetlands of International importance as Waterfowl Habitat

Steven Redding || 1971 || -The inclusion of a wetland in the List does not prejudice the exclusive sovereign rights of the Contracting Party in whose territory the wetland is situated. - For the purpose of this Convention wetlands are areas of marsh, fen, peatland or water, whether natural or artificial, permanent or temporary, with water that is static or flowing, fresh, brackish or salt, including areas of marine water the depth of which at low tide does not exceed six metres. -The Contracting Parties shall formulate and implement their planning so as to promote the conservation of the wetlands included in the List, and as far as possible the wise use of wetlands in their territory. || United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) ||